Indonesian government often claims that the ability of Indonesian economy to grow positively during the recent crises in the US and European Union is a success indicator of the country’s economic development. Amidst the global financial crisis, Indonesia, along with China dan India, maintained positive economic performance while developed countries brought to near collapse. In 2009, China accounted as country with the highest economic growth, 8.7 percent, followed by India with 7.2 percent and Indonesia 4.5 percent. Indonesian economic growth was 6.1 percent in 2010 and 6.5 percent in 2011. Asian Development Bank (ADB) predicted that Indonesian economic growth would be in the level of 6.4 percent in 2012.
According to the government data, the relatively impressive economic growth performance also has been accompanied by the decreasing of poverty rate in Indonesian society. According to the government data, in March 2011 the quantity of the poor (those with a monthly percapita expense in amount of below poverty line) amounted to 30.02 million (12.49 percent), declining around 1 million (0.84 percent) from 31.2 million (13.3 percent) in March 2010. In September 2011, the government estemated that the quantity of people which live below poverty line amounted to 29.89 million (12.36 percent). Table I shows that in the last five year the poverty rate has been continually declining, from 39.30 million ( 16.66 percent) in 2006 into 37.17 million (16.58 percent) in 2007, 34.96 million (15.42 percent) in 2008, 32.5 million (14.15 percent) in 2009, 31.02 million (13.35 percent) in 2010 and 30.02 million (12.49 percent) in 2011.
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China’s economic performance over the last 30 years has been impressive. It is the world's fastest-growing major economy, with growth rates averaging 10% per year. It is the world's second largest economy, the largest exporter and second largest importer of goods. On a per capita income basis, China ranked 90th by nominal GDP and 91st by GDP (PPP) in 2011, according to the IMF. The white paper, titled New Progress in Development-oriented Poverty Reduction Program for Rural China indicates that China's poverty-stricken rural population fell from 94.22 million at the end of 2000 to 26.88 million at the end of 2010. Poverty rate fell from more than 65 percent to less than 10 percent as 500 million people were lifted out of poverty.
It is the success of China's economic policies and their implementation that has resulted in significant and steady growth. The economic reforms taking advantage of market principles began in 1978 and were carried out in two stages. The first stage, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, involved the decollectivization of agriculture, the opening up of the country to foreign investment, and permission for entrepreneurs to start up businesses. However, most industry remained state-owned. The second stage of reform, in the late 1980s and 1990s, involved the privatization and contracting out of much state-owned industry and the lifting of price controls, protectionist policies, and regulations. The Chinese government has always made poverty reduction an important goal and task of national development and worked hard to enable all the people to enjoy the fruits of economic and social development. It was in the mid-1980s that the Chinese government started the development-oriented poverty reduction program in the rural areas in an organized and planned way. The 11th Five-Year Economic Program (2006–2010) aimed at building a "harmonious society" through more balanced wealth distribution and improved education, medical care, and social security.
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Abstract
This paper presents Cambodia’s perspective on ‘inclusive growth’. It addresses features of the country’s national development strategy as well as the successes and challenges of the strategy. It explains what strategy the government has adjusted and changed to achieve inclusive growth; and the programs in place for inclusive growth. It concludes that inclusive growth is sine qua non for the political and social wellbeing of citizens and the country.
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Brief Background
- New elected and civilian government led by President U Thein Sein assumed state responsibility in 2011 March 30.( The age of the new government is about one year and three months old )
- Democratic Institution such as Parliament at national and regional level and administrative, legislative and judicial bodies to exercise three branches of State Power have been established.
- New government implements good governance, clean government , flourishing democracy , fundamental rights of citizens , rule of law, transparency and accountability.
- Political reforms , economic reforms and national reconsolidation were performed.
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Presentation Outlines
- Growing Inclusivity: Globalization drive, worsening income disparity and government behaviors
- Enhancing International Competitiveness Through Wages-Productivity-Competitiveness (WPC) Nexus
- Addressing labour market mix, counter productivity shortfalls and avoiding low wage-economic underclass trap
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Accelerating the RECP Process through Strengthening the APT Cooperation
Report of NEAT Working Group by NEAT China
August 2014, Beijing
The RCEP negotiations were launched by leaders from the ten ASEAN members and ASEAN’s FTA partners (Australia, China, India, Japan, South Korea and New Zealand) on November 20, 2012. The negotiations present an opportunity as well as a challenge for the participating countries. It is an opportunity to consolidate the ever proliferating and overlapping sets of FTAs and form a region-wide FTA in East Asia. It is a challenge however because of the varying degrees of interests and levels of ambition of each of the negotiating parties, and the relative extent to which they seek to undertake commitments on liberalization and facilitation in trade and investment, and other issues.
With the scheduled concluding year 2015 approaching, there is now growing anxiety among the RCEP partners that the deadline is unrealistic and acknowledgement that the negotiations have so far gone virtually nowhere. The RCEP process is now in urgent need of building up momentum to help gain confidence and impetus for the negotiations to press ahead. It is very timely and appropriate for the APT countries to discuss the issue of the RCEP process. The reason is quite simple: The RCEP is beneficial to the APT countries and the APT countries are the pillar of the RCEP process. If the APT countries can reach consensus in some difficult areas and cement their shared views on what is needed to bring the RCEP negotiations to a close, we firmly believe, through our joint efforts, the blueprint of RCEP will be hopefully turned into reality rather than remain just a talk.
This report consists of five sections. Section one and two provide the background of the ongoing RCEP negotiations in terms of the necessity and potential benefits respectively. Section three unfolds the progress of the RCEP negotiations from the perspectives of ambitions, achievements and challenges. Section four tries to propose some suggestions on prompting the RCEP negotiations through cooperation among the APT countries. Last section is concluding remarks highlighting both the importance of APT cooperation and the RCEP’s relationship with the TPP.
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Financing Infrastructure Connectivity in East Asia: Challenges and Solutions
Draft Report of NEAT Working Group on Connectivity Cooperation in East Asia
June 2013, Beijing
While the financial crisis is fading away, its deep-seated impacts are still growing. The global economy has, thus, entered into an era of restructuring and rebalancing. With no immunity to these major challenges, East Asia is now also undergoing economic restructuring and transition in its growth model. It is in this context that countries in this region are more keenly aware of the dual roles of regional economic cooperation and integration as both a critical contributor to the great achievements in the past and an instrumental impetus for the transformation of its growth model. A top priority on this agenda will be connectivity cooperation, particularly in infrastructure connectivity. At present, huge financing gap is one of the biggest impediments to infrastructure connectivity. Therefore, how to secure adequate financing through effective regional cooperation for a “seamlessly” connected East Asia will be a great task.
The report consists of four sections. Section one and two illustrate the necessity of financing cooperation from the perspectives of the significance of infrastructure connectivity and the severe shortage of infrastructure financing. Section three analyses the possibility of financing cooperation and section four proposes specific roadmaps and approaches for financing cooperation.
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NEAT Working Group on
Enhancing People to People Connectivity: Education, Tourism and Cultural Exchange
Final Report
I. Introduction
Through the institutionalization of ASEAN+3 (APT) in 1997 and the East Asia Summit (EAS) in 2005, regional cooperation and integration in the East Asia region has been promoted. Especially ASEAN, which has enforced its ASEAN Charter in December 2008 and aimed at community building within ASEAN by 2015 has rapidly increased integration efforts. For ASEAN Community Building, enhancing “connectivity” is the most important task, with ASEAN having adopted “ASEAN Leaders' Statement on ASEAN Connectivity” in 2009, “Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity” in 2010. Efforts to integration are made based on three pillars: “Physical Connectivity,” which includes transportation, telecommunications and energy networks, “Institutional Connectivity,” which includes trade, investment the liberalization and facilitation of the service sector and “People to People Connectivity,” which includes education, tourism and cultural exchange. Additionally, APT as well as EAS have adopted the “Declaration of the 6th East Asia Summit on ASEAN Connectivity” in 6th EAS in 2011 and the “Leaders’ Statement on ASEAN Plus Three Partnership on Connectivity” in 15th APT in 2012, with both frameworks strongly supporting the enhancing of connectivity within ASEAN. The move towards enhancing connectivity within the East Asia region as a whole is gaining momentum and enhancing people to people connectivity is increasing in importance as a foundation of the improvement of physical and institutional connectivity.
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In 2014, four working groups were organized under the following areas:
Studies were undertaken and policy recommendations were formulated.
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